> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.finngen.fi/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.finngen.fi/background-reading/linkage-disequilibrium-ld.md).

# Linkage Disequilibrium (LD)

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) across chromosomal regions **is manifested by non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population or datasets**. Alleles in different loci are said to be in LD when the frequency of association of their different alleles is higher or lower than what would be expected if the loci were fully independent and associated randomly.

In the figure below (adapted from [here](https://www-nature-com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/articles/nrg777)), a variant on the ancestral chromosome is represented by a red triangle. **The alleles that are physically close tend to stick with the ancestral variant** despite recombination limits for the region in which the variant is at (the yellow region).

![Adapted from Ardlie, Kruglyak, and Sielestad (2002) Nature Genetics Review](/files/gGJbQWIqqcvhwpxgJRor)

### Influences

Linkage disequilibrium is influenced by many factors:

* Selection
* Rate of genetic recombination
* Mutation rate
* Genetic drift
* System of mating
* Population structure
* Genetic linkage.

As a result, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium in a genome is a powerful signal of the population genetic processes that are structuring it.

Read more detailed information about LD from Matti Pirinen's course [slides](https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mjxpirin/GWAS_course/material/GWAS7_slides.pdf) and [notes](https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mjxpirin/GWAS_course/material/GWAS7.pdf).